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An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method.

Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage is a powerful exploration of the psychological and emotional toll of war. Set against the backdrop of the American Civil War, the novel follows the journey of Henry Fleming, a young and inexperienced soldier eager to prove his courage on the battlefield. Faced with the harsh realities of war, Henry grapples with fear, doubt, and the complexities of heroism. As Henry confronts the chaos and brutality of battle, he undergoes a profound internal struggle, questioning his own motives and struggling to reconcile his romanticized notions of warfare with the harsh truths he encounters.

Mill's book Utilitarianism first appeared as a series of three articles published in Fraser's Magazine in 1861 and was reprinted as a single book in 1863. John Stuart Mill was brought up as a Benthamite with the explicit intention that he would carry on the cause of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a family of consequentialist ethical theories that promotes actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the majority of a population. Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit different characterizations, the basic idea behind all of them is to in some sense maximize utility.