On This Day:

1863, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: The Battle of Gettysburg began during the American Civil War, lasting three days.

1903, France: The first Tour de France bicycle race began, organized by the newspaper L'Auto.

1935, London, England: Sir Allen Lane founded Penguin Books, revolutionizing the book industry by producing affordable, high-quality paperbacks.

1968, New Zealand: The Wahine ferry disaster occurred during a fierce storm in Wellington Harbour.

1979, Japan: Sony introduced the Walkman, a portable cassette player that revolutionized personal music listening.

1991: Phil Zimmermann released Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), a data encryption program for securing emails and files.

1996, Scotland: The birth of Dolly the sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell, was announced by scientists at the Roslin Institute.

1997, Hong Kong: Sovereignty over Hong Kong was officially transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, ending over 150 years of British rule.

2002, Switzerland: The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

2018: The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect, impacting global data privacy practices.