Happy America’s 250th! To celebrate, we’re doing things the IJ Way, tying in the events of 1776 to something that emerged a few years later and that we at IJ work with every day today: judicial review. Therefore, although we’re jumping on the bandwagon and doing an “America at 250” episode like everyone else, this one focuses on something most people aren’t talking about for the anniversary—and certainly weren’t discussing in 1776.

But one thing Americans were discussing that year, in addition to how best to fight the British and declare independence, was writing constitutions. That was a new thing at the time, a new way of forming a government. It also lay the seeds for judges declaring laws “unconstitutional,” something that didn’t happen in the Old Country. IJ just held a conference on this subject and as part of that held a mock argument/moot court on a constitutional challenge under Pennsylvania’s constitution from 1776. The question was, is this new thing called “judicial review” actually a thing? Sam Gedge of IJ was part of that “case” and joins us to reflect on what he learned digging into the first principles of judicial review and what Americans in the years just after 1776 may have been thinking as they tried to figure out their new constitutional reality. Then your host shares the outline of a draft article on how American courts have used the shadow of the British parliamentary system when justifying judicial review. They did it a lot for the first century or so of the country’s history but since then not so much. Why is this? And does it have something to do with America becoming “Top Nation” as the sun slowly set on the British Empire? Fans of the ’85 Bears may enjoy an analogy. As might Dan Moreno.

Video of the Mock Argument on Pennsylvania’s 1776 Constitution

Other video from the same conference

Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance

Draft article “Parliament’s American Shadow”

1066 and all that

The Super Bowl Shuffle, aka The British Empire

If someone sues you for money you get to defend yourself in court. Right? Not really if you sign a confession of judgment, a contract where you waive defenses to a later collection action. A county in Iowa had a policy of making prisoners sign confessions of judgment when they were released if they owed money to the jail. That seems like it might have due process problems. Does it? Well, we don’t know yet but the Eighth Circuit recently ruled that the released prisoners have standing to move forward in their case. Michael Soyfer of IJ takes us through this dispute where IJ and a number of other groups filed an amicus brief. Then, McCarley Maddock of IJ reports on a bizarre set of facts in Madison, Wisconsin where a man may—or may not—have fired shots after an argument with his wife. The police then come to his house, with a Bearcat, and begin a standoff where he, it seems, was fast asleep inside. Things go bad for the man after that, resulting in an arrest and later a federal lawsuit. That then fails because of qualified immunity, according to the Seventh Circuit.

Roberts v. Thompson

Jackson v. Madison

Bound By Oath

After an arrest, is the decision on whether a defendant can get out on bond while their prosecution proceeds a “critical stage’? In the Eighth Circuit it’s hard to know because the court threw out a case asking that question due to a lack of standing. IJ’s Jimmy Odell, a former public defender, details this challenge to an Arkansas court’s practice of not appointing public defenders until after the bond decision has been made. It raises highly important Sixth Amendment questions but also illustrates how constitutional issues sometimes are hard to squarely put before a judge. Then your host discusses a recent Fourth Circuit case where the right to a jury trial under the Seventh Amendment intersected with a West Virginia “public nuisance” lawsuit on the opioid crisis. You wouldn’t expect a lawsuit against a massive pharmaceutical-distribution company to rely on almost a thousand years of history yet the ancient distinction between the common law and equity is at the heart of the matter. Plus, it’s time for the Sixth Circuit in our #12Months12Circuits series.

Farella v. Benton County Dist. Ct.

In re Express Scripts

Bound By Oath podcast

Episode on the Sixth Circuit

A wild, and tragic, story from the Fifth Circuit with a bit of good (yet confusing) news at the end. IJ’s Diana Simpson tells us of a woman who feared her ex-boyfriend was going to harm her, so she called his probation officer. The officer assured the woman that they’d arrest him but then didn’t bother to do so. That resulted in a brutal assault. Does she have a claim against the federal government under those facts? Turns out she does, which we learn after bobbing and weaving around the various exceptions to the Federal Tort Claims Act. Then, Tate Cooper of IJ brings us a sighting of “zombie precedent”—or is it “moth-eaten precedent”?—from the Fourth Circuit where a college student who wanted to study to be a preacher couldn’t get a scholarship. The court looks at three recent big religious liberty cases at the Supreme Court, including two IJ cases, and concludes that despite them an older precedent still controls.

Morris v. U.S.

Hall v. Fleming

Bound By Oath episode on the FTCA

Locke v. Davey

We welcome back a treasured many-times guest, the first time since he’s left IJ. Brian Morris served in our merry band of libertarian litigators for many years before recently moving to Chicago. He rejoins us to detail a recent Fourth Circuit decision that his now-colleagues litigated about making right a pair of wrongful convictions where two brothers spent almost 20 years behind bars. The case involves hearsay and how the testimony of a long-dead witness can be used in a later civil rights lawsuit. But before all that Brian does what he’s done on Short Circuit many times before: Pick the winners at the racetrack. And that’s not all the drama for one show. IJ’s Anya Bidwell tells us the latest bad news about suing federal officials, where someone who claimed the IRS unconstitutionally audited them was left out in the cold by the D.C. Circuit. Boris Pasternak readers may feel a connection.

McPherson v. Patton

Ray v. Priver

Link for Chicago FTCA conference

In the wild days of June 2020 you may remember how a group of protestors took over a few city blocks in Seattle, and how the police simply abandoned the area for a few weeks. That meant some businesses in that area suffered property damage and a massive loss of revenue. Now, years later, the businesses’ claims for damages were just ruled on at the Ninth Circuit. How did they do? Not well. As IJ’s Robert Fellner explains, there is no duty for the police to protect you from the crimes of others. We explore whether that really describes what happened in the CHOP zone. And before that, Daniel Nelson of IJ details a Fourth Circuit ruling about a Native American tribe’s attempt to recover the remains of two boys who died over a century ago. The boys were forcibly taken from their families and put in a “reeducation” school in Pennsylvania that then led to their deaths. Today, their remains are on U.S. Army property. What responsibility does the federal government have to the tribe to return the remains under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act? The majority says in this case the tribe wins but the larger issue remains quite complicated.

Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska v. US Army

3PAK, LLC v. Seattle

DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty.

In our #12Months12Circuits series it’s time to drink an entire Fifth. Now, regular listeners will be very familiar with the Fifth Circuit’s waters and may hesitate from such an undertaking. But true fans of the federal courts of appeals should be pleased, as we take an even closer look than we have before at the ins-and-outs of the federal circuit for Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. To help us we welcome on Jessica Underwood, a former Fifth Circuit clerk and now an attorney in Austin, Texas. She reports on a recent Fifth Circuit case on the False Claims Act, explains what the FCA does, and how it accounts for billions of dollars in litigation. In addition to discussing the court’s analysis of what makes for a proper FCA claim, Jessica digs into a concurrence that argues the FCA might be unconstitutional. Then, IJ’s Christie Hebert tells us of another recent Fifth Circuit opinion, this one about a guy who made a living transmitting public data about criminal defendants to potential defense attorneys. That worked well until the court started making some of the information private. Did he have a claim? No, it turns out. But the discussion gets into how the First Amendment might apply—sometimes—to information in the hands of the government.

Click here for transcript.

Montcrief v. Peripheral Vascular Assocs.

Martin v. Burgess

IJ’s Private Enforcement case in Colorado

Episode with Tom Metzloff on the split of the Fifth

You may remember Roy Moore’s 2017 campaign in Alabama for the U.S. Senate in which a controversy arose as to his behavior at the Gadsden Mall several decades before. And, further, that there were allegations that he was banned from the mall because of his friendliness with teenage girls. Include one who at one point was “Santa’s little helper.” After losing that race, Moore brought a defamation suit against the purveyors of a political ad that mentioned these mall/teenage girl allegations in a certain, perhaps misleading, order. And he won. Except, the Eleventh Circuit has now reviewed the matter and ruled that under the First Amendment’s protective standard for speech concerning public figures, Moore actually lost. Suranjan Sen of IJ details the wacky story and the mysteries of “actual malice” and defamation by implication. Then, IJ’s Prashanta Augustine details an en banc denial in the Fifth Circuit where the judges decided not to take up a challenge to the federal ban on machine guns. Even though the full court dodges the issue some judges indicate they think there would be meritorious Second Amendment challenges to the law in the future. And one even suggests there could be a Commerce Clause challenge as well.

Moore v. Cecil

U.S. v. Wilson (en banc denial)

U.S. v. Wilson (3 judge panel)

2003 Ninth Circuit machine guns opinion